Preposition

a] A preposition is a word or phrase that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence.

b] There are different types of prepositions, like in, at, on, of, to, by and with.

c]  The word preposition came because we notice that ”the place” of the word appears in the sentence ”preposition of the related noun ”

Uses of Prepositions 

1] Use of On

– On is used before day, date, certain side (left, right), speaking or writing topic, a floor in a building, or public transport, television, radio, Touching on a surface of any thing (not enclosed).

1] There will be test on Sunday.
2] I will speak /write on the development of the villagers.
3] My brother is on the right side of the Prime Minister.
4] We shall leave for Nagpur on 22nd of Jan.
5] You can hear my speech on the radio.
6] My apartment is on the fourth floor.
7] I forgot my phone on the bus.
8] I left the keys on the table.

2] Use of Upon

– Upon is used when anything comes moving on another surface.
1] The cat jumps upon the table.
2] The students jumps upon the bench

-used to say that someone or something is very close or has arrived
1] The police officer was suddenly upon us.
2] The Examinations are nearly upon us. [ the examinations have nearly begun]

— used when something is repeated many times
1] Mohan wrote pages upon pages [many pages]2] My brother studies for hour upon hour. [for many hours]3] Thousands upon thousands of people visited the Raigad..

– used upon functions like ‘after’
1] Upon hearing the result, the students rushed out of the class.

3] Use of  between.

– Between is used when anyone or anything is ”in the middle” of two.
1] Rohan was standing between his father and his mother.
2] The gap between the rich and poor is harmful for the society.
3] Himalaya is between India and Tibet

– in the period of time that separates two different events:
1] We shouldn’t eat anything between meals.
2] There is a break of five minutes between the sessions.
3] The bank is closed for lunch between 1.30 and 2.30.
4] Nitin visits his grandparents every year and sometimes in between.
5]Trade between the two countries India and Maldives came in danger. (their trade with each other)
6] There is a great deal of similarity between Mohan and his mother (they are very similar).

-A discussion, argument, or game between two or more people or groups of people:
1] The negotiations between the farmers and the government have broken down.
2] Today’s match is between India and Bangladesh

4] Use of among.

– Among is used when a person or a place is surrounded by more than two people or things’.
1] France is among the countries of Western Europe.
2] The teacher is among the students.
3] I was standing among the group of my childhood friends.
4] The tiger was hidden among the trees.
5] He announced the news among the villagers.
6] The ball was hidden among the leaves.
7] Corona spread quickly among the members of the community.

– When people do something among themselves, they do it as a group (without involving others.)
1] The students are always quarreling among themselves. [are always quarreling with each other]2] They were unable to agree among themselves.
3] We were joking among ourselves.
4] There is much anger among voters. [many voters are angry]

— used to describe someone who is unusual or excellent in some way
1] Nana Patekar is an actor among actors. [he is a great actor]2] He was a giant among men. [he was very famous, powerful, successful, etc.]

5] Use of through.

– through is used when there is a movement from one side to another but “in something” or into one side and out the other side of.
1] Vipin entered the classroom through an open window.
2] You have to go through the kitchen to get to the bathroom.
3] the bullet went straight through him.
4] Kiran Purandare went through the forest/trees.
5] The Yamuna river flows through Delhi.
6] Water flows through the pipe.
7] She looked through the binoculars.
8] He hit the nail through the wood.
9] Cold air was getting in through a crack in the wall.
10] People usually come in through the side door.

— used to describe movement within a place or an area of land, air, etc.
1] We spent three hours walking through the mall. [walking to various places in the mall]2] The snake slithered through the grass.
3] birds flying through the air

– without stopping for (a traffic signal, a stop sign, etc.)
1] Ashok was caught while driving through a red light.

– by using (someone or something)
1] The Prime minister communicated through interpreters.
2] I learned about this job through her. [=she told me about this job]3] The British ruled Indians through fear. [=by making Indians afraid]

– by doing (something)
1] He learned to cook through [=by] watching his mother in the kitchen.

– from the beginning to the end of (something)
1] He slept through the movie.
2] Many students work through the summer.
3] We left halfway through [in the middle of] the lecture.

6] Use of over.

– Over is used to show anything at the unlimited distance without touching (on)
1] The sky is over our head.

– before age, rule, getting higher position
1] My grandmother is over 99
2] The British ruled over us.
3] Mr. Rane got over the position in our office

— used to describe something that is done while some activity (such as a meal) is taking place
1] I plan to meet with my friend over lunch. [=while we eat lunch together]We sat over our tea [=drinking our tea] and talked.

7] Use of above.

– Above is used to show at a higher place, but at limited distance without touching the head, name in list.
1] The farmer looked at the branches above of the mango tree. [=overhead]2] Read the above passage points
3] His name is above the other.

8] Use of At

– At is used before time(at 2pm), festival(at Holi), in village (at Lohara), near anything (at the table), looking (at the window), indicate a rate (at five rupees), mealtimes and breaks(at breakfast time, at lunchtime, at dinner time, at break time), other time ( at night, at weekends/the weekend), specific place (at the home, cafe, at the stadium)
1] Students are looking at the black board.
2] My mother is at the kitchen table.
3] The Prime Minister will come at 2 pm.
4] We shall meet at Holi.
5] He lives at Lohara.
6] I have bought this book at 20 rupees.
7] The teacher called us at 9 o’clock on July 24.
8] She’s a nurse and she works at night.
9] We are meeting at the cafe.”
10] The football game is at the stadium.

9] Use of  Since

-Since is used to show the perfect duration (specific starting time) since 2022/ since Monday/ since 2 pm
1] He has been working here since 2015
2] Reuben has been here since Sunday.

10] Use of -for.

–for is used to show the unclear time, for somebody
1] He has been learning for long time.
2] They have been speaking for two hours.
3] This book is for my brother.
4] They fought for the nation.

11] Use of -of.

-of is used to show belonging to somebody; relating to somebody, coming from a particular background or living in a place, in space or time.
1] We cannot explain the love of a mother for her child in words.
2] The role of the teacher is very important.
3] I drank three cups of milk
4] I had four hours of sleep.
5] My brother got married in the summer of 2023.
6] It is the final result of the debate
7] They are the women of Indian race.

12] Use of -off.

-Off is used to show falling from, remove anything from, not functioning, away from work or duty, 
1] The warrior fell off the horse.
2] Take your leg off my hand
3] She has off today.
4] Take your coat off.
5] The water is off today.
6] Make sure the TV is off.
7] Switch off the lights
8] I’ve got three days off next week.
9] All books have 10% off here.

13] Use of – To.

-To is used to show- in the direction of something; towards something, to indicate limit or end, for time period, located in the direction, Time for something.
1] We are going to the entrance of the building.
2] Please, send this book to me.
3] The Prises rose to 100 rupees.
4] I work 9 to 6 /Monday to Saturday.
5] There is huge mountain to the north my village.
6] How long is it to lunch?

14] Use of – before.

-Before is used to show- in front of/ before any event, earlier than somebody/something.
1] March comes before April.
2] Mr. Mohan doesn’t work here before 6 pm.
3] Rajan was brought before the officer.
4] The Minister arrived before the people.
5] His name is before mine on the list.

15] Use of – beside.

-beside is used to show- next to or at the side of somebody /something,
1] When I was ill, my mother sat beside me all night.
2] There is a big stone beside the school.

16] Use of – besides.

-besides is used to show- in addition to somebody/something; apart from somebody/something,
1] Besides working as a software engineer, he also writes novels in his spare time.
2] We have lots of things in common besides music.

17] Use of – Under.

-Under is used to show- a position that is below something, below the surface of something; less than; younger than, affected by something, control, according to an agreement, a law or a system. 
1] The boat lay under several feet of water.
2] The farmer sat under the tree.
3] Nobody under 18 is allowed to play this online game.
4] I’ve been feeling under stress lately.
5] The people present in the meeting under 500.
6] A man was arrested under the Mental Health Act.
7] Is the mobile phone still under guarantee?

18] Use of – down.

-Down is used to show- to or at lower place/ position.
1] He looked down at the river
2] She bent down to pick up her phone.

19] Use of – Within.

-within is used to show- during a particular period of time, before a particular period of time has passed, inside something/somebody (area), inside society, organisation.
1] The police arrived within minutes of the call being made.
2] They must receive a reply within five days.
3] Kasab was buried within the walls of prison.
4] We have to make a lot of change within our society.

20] Use of – across.

-across is used to show- from one side to the other side of (something), on the other side of (something)
1] We saw them walking across the street.
2] He was seated across the table from me.

21] Use of – By.

22] Use of – from.

20] Use of – Into.