Novel one - History of Novel

- So novel became popular
- Novel - Long story, Narrative, Fiction
- Describe - Intimate human expression in prose form.
- Novella Italic word meaning NEW

Examples

1] Virgil’s (वर्जिल) - Eclogues
2] Malory (मालोरी)’s - ‘Morte De Arthur’ or Geoffrey
3] Chaucer’s - ‘The Canterbury Tales’.

Foreground (important thing) of novel
- The first novel of the world - Murasaki Shikibu’s ‘Tale of Genji’ (Japanese published 1010)
- The First European novel ‘Don Quixote’ (डॉन क्विक्झोट) By Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes (मिगेल सर्व्हान्तेस) (published in two parts between 1605 and1615)

Changes in the 18th century,
- Industrial Revolution, the appearance of newspaper and magazines - attracted a large number of readers from the middle class.
- These new readers - had little interest in romances and tragedies, which were appreciated by the upper class.
- Thus, need for a new type of literature arose that would express the new ideas of the 18th century.

(These factors prepared The foreground for the novel)

- After 1740, novel originated as the literary form in England.
-Increase in trade and commerce, along with the Industrial Revolution, had given rise to the middle class.
-Occupied an elite (superior/best) status in the society.
-Middle class means - the newly educated class began to think or regard Novel as respectable reading material
- Because the novels contained/ depicted 1] The realistic picture of everyday life and 2] Problems of common people
Thus, novel as a form appears to have been designed for both to voice the aspirations of the middle and lower classes and meet their longings. (इच्छा, desires)
-The spread of machines could provide a time to the educated middle class for 1] reading and 2] discussions about the books.

- Drama and poetry were the two literary forms that were fading away.
Novel was a combination of some features of them and some new features were added to the form. It was the prominent form in the eighteenth century.

Important Literary works and writers
1] ‘The Pilgrim’s Progress’ by John Bunyan (1678)
2]An‘Oroonoku’ by Aphra Behn (1688)
3] Robinson Crusoe, Mall Flanders by Daniel Defoe, and
4] ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ - a famous satire) Jonathan Swift

Other major novelists of 18th century
5] Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded’ and ‘Clarissa.(epistolary novels), by Samuel Richardson
6] Henry Fielding,
7] Lawrence Sterne and
8] Tobias Smollett.

The tradition was enriched by many other stalwart (loyal, reliable, and hard-working:) novelists
1] Charles Dickens,
2] Walter Scott,
3] Nathaniel Hawthorne,
4] Horace Walpole,
5] Thomas Hardy,
6] Willkie Collins and
7] H.G. Wells.

The 20th century is marked by the modern topics and innovative styles and techniques and widened angles of the views by the novelists like
1] E.M. Forster,
2] James Joyce,
3] Joseph Conrad,
4] Henry James,
5] George Orwell,
6] Graham Greene,
7] D.H. Lawrence,
8] William Golding and
9] Anthony Burgess.

The contribution of women novelists to this great pageant (play/scene/drama) cannot be neglected.
-landmark novels
-ruling over the minds of the people through her novels.)
- The novel of manners ‘Evelina’ by Frances Burney,
- Gothic novels by Ann Radcliffe,
- a novel based on Science of the age ‘Frankenstein’ by Mary Shelley are landmark novels.
- Jane Austen has been ruling over the minds of the people through her novels.
- Bronte sisters, Emily and Charlotte (shalt) have created their own place by their incomparable works ‘The Wuthering Heights’ and ‘Jane Eyre’.
-Mary Ann Evans alias George Eliot wrote the novels reflecting psychological insight.
- Virginia Woolf is the pioneer of the Stream of Consciousness technique in English novel.
- Agatha Christie created her own place by writing many novels based on crime. Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple are the evergreen detectives created by her.
Harper Lee, Margaret Atwood, Toni Morrison and Alice Walker have elevated the tradition further to prosperity